Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant. The profile of intestinal microbiota in the fullterm, vaginally delivered, breastfed infant is considered as ideally healthy. Little was known about the development of the gastrointestinal gi tract microbiota, until recently, because of difficulties in obtaining sufficient sequence information from enough people or time points. The oligosaccharides in human milk hmo such as galactooligosaccharide gos, are one of. During cesarean delivery, however, this direct contact is absent and nonmaternally derived environmental and potentially pathogenic bacteria are likely to colonize the infant git. Human milk components not only nourish the infant, they provide myriad bioactive compounds for the offspring that influence the growth, stimulation, and modulation of the immune system, cognitive development, protection from toxins and pathogenic diseases, and perhaps most remarkably, the establishment of the intestinal microbiota 1. The establishment of early life microbiota in the human infant gut is highly variable and plays a crucial role in host nutrient availabilityuptake and maturation of immunity. Pdf development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. Determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota. Activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota christian milani, asabrina duranti, francesca bottacini, beoghan casey, francesca turroni,a,c jennifer mahony,b clara belzer,d susana delgado palacio,e silvia arboleya montes,e leonardo mancabelli,a gabriele andrea lugli,a juan miguel rodriguez,f. Development of an enhanced metaproteomic approach for. The results suggested that both earlier start of feeding of formula milk and the mode of infant delivery were found to be important in the development of intestinal microbiota in early infancy. This microbial ecosystem serves numerous important functions for its human host, including protection against. Infants from finland and estonia were recruited at birth based on hla risk genotyping table 1 and see table s1.
Although it is a universal and integral part of human biology, the. Microbiome composition and its impact on the development of allergic diseases. Since infants lack the enzymes required for milk glycan digestion, this group of carbohydrates passes undigested to the lower part of the intestinal tract, where they can be consumed by speci. Fecal samples from 1032 infants at 1 month of age, who were recruited from the koala birth cohort study in the netherlands, were subjected to quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction assays for the. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on. Breastfeeding has been shown to significantly increase the relative abundance of bifidobacteria and lactic acid. The adult human body typically comprises ten times more microbial cells than human cells, due largely to the extremely high density of microbes found in the human intestinal tract typically 10 11 10 12 microbesml of luminal content. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the fecal microbiota in infants with colic, as compared with control infants, during their first 100 days of life.
Microbes colonize the neonatal gut immediately following birth. Human milk oligosaccharide consumption by intestinal. The initial acquisition and early development of the intestinal microbiome during infancy are important to human health across the lifespan. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota ncbi. Human gastrointestinal microbiota, also known as gut flora or gut microbiota, are the microorganisms generally bacteria and archaea, that live in the digestive tracts of humans. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota plos biology. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota plos. Summary the human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the hosts entire life span. Acquisition and development of the extremely preterm. The human intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem, consisting of several hundred different bacterial species. Thereafter, an infants gut microbiota is dominated by bifidobacterium and some lactic acid bacteria. Human microbiome development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health sebastien 4 matamoros1, christele grasleguen2, franc. Although intestinal bacterial colonization begins when a fetus is in the lower uterus, an infants.
Effects of intestinal microbiota on brain development in. The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota pdf. The altered early microbiome may have longterm effects on the later health of the child. In adults the microbial community of the gut microbiota influences a diverse range of health outcomes from obesity, diabetes, asthma and allergy to seemingly remote diseases like parkinsons disease. Limitation and rationalization of neonatal antibiotic treatments is urgently needed. Establishment and development of intestinal microbiota in. Over 99% of microbiota in the gi tract are anaerobic bacteria, with archaebacterial, protozoa, fungi, and other microorganisms making up the remainder hill et. Stages of microbial colonization of the infant and child intestine. This microbiota plays an important role in human health and nutrition by producing nutrients, preventing colonization of the gut by potential pathogenic microorganisms, and preserving the health of the host through interactions with the developing immune system.
Establishment of the human intestinal microbiota during infancy is influenced by multiple factors, including delivery mode, sanitary conditions, administration of antibiotics to the infant or mother 1, 2, and level of breastfeeding. The intestinal microbiota and its role in human health and. Pdf determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota after. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and. As the microbiome interacts dynamically with its host and environment, its composition varies markedly over time and between individuals 2. Establishment of the human microbiota ecosystem in order to fully understand the role of intestinal microbiota in the functioning of the host metabolism, it is important to pay attention to the development process of the infant gut, which runs parallel to, but is to a large extent dependent on, the process of intestinal. Special attention is paid to the primary im of infants, which is. Mode of birth, antibiotic administration, environment of care, and nutrition have all been shown to play a role in the assembly of the intestinal microbiome during early life. Exposure to maternal and environmental microorganisms at birth coincides with ingestion of maternal glycans. Molecular monitoring of the development of intestinal. To characterize the development of the infant gut microbiome and the relationship between the gut microbiota and islet autoimmunity and progression to t1d, we assembled a prospective, longitudinal collection of stool samples from infants at risk for disease. Role of gut microbiota in early infant development r. Plos biology development of the human infant intestinal. Research to date supports the importance of the early human intestinal microbiota on the development of allergic diseases such as atopic eczema, asthma and food allergy.
Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota chana palmer1, elisabeth m. Now, with decreased costs of dna sequencing and improved bioinformatic tools, we can compare gi tract bacterial communities among individuals, of all ages from infancy to. The intestinal microbiota and its role in human health and disease keiko kataoka department of microbiology and genetic analysis, institute of biomedical sciences, tokushima university graduate school, tokushima,japan abstract. Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its. Differences in the initial microbiota can alter develop mental pathways of the infants microbiome, which could have important implications for infant. The largest microbial community of the human microbiome is located in the digestive tract, and more precisely in the large intestine. The piglet is the best model for the human infant in terms of gi development and closely resembles the human for 80% of immune parameters vs. Determinants of the human infant intestinal microbiota after the. Development of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and insights. Studies of malnourished infants have shown that maturation of the gut microbiota does not occur in a similar manner. The role of the microbiota in bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system is considered. In contrast, the infant gi microbiota is more variable in its composition and less stable over time. The very low birth weight vlbw infant is at great risk for marked dysbiosis of the gut microbiome due to multiple factors, including physiological immaturity and prenatalpostnatal influences that disrupt the development of a normal gut flora.
Microbial colonization of the infant gut is essential for the development of the intestine and the immune system. Microbial dna of 200 samples from 12 infants with colic and 12 agematched control infants was extracted and hybridized to a phylogenetic microarray. Information about the openaccess article development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. Affiliation department of genetics, stanford university school of medicine, stanford.
Recent results related to investigation of the role of intestinal microbiota im in development and functioning of the human nervous system are discussed. Pdf human microbial colonization begins at birth and continues to develop and modulate in. Bacterial colonization of the git after birth is essential to redress the balance of the skewed thelpercell type 2 immune response present in the newborn infant. Although it is well established that early infant feeding has a major influence on the establishment of the gut microbiota, very little is understood about how the introduction of first solid food influences the colonization process. Overall, diet has been found to be a major determinant of the infant gut microbiota. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal. However, little is known about the developmental succession of the microbiota in preterm infants as they grow and mature. This study aimed to determine the impact of weaning on the faecal microbiota composition of infants from five european countries sweden, scotland.
The gut microbiota can be defined as all the species within the ecosystem and are considered the largest reservoir of microbes in the human body, containing about 10 14 microbes. A standard pattern for human intestinal microbiota colonization is unpredictable. Many nonhuman animals, including insects, are hosts to numerous microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract as well. The seemingly chaotic progression of the early events in colonization, and the similarity in bacterial. Gf mice colonized with microbiota from a poor growth human infant exhibited decreased neun and nfl at four weeks of age and reduced mbp expression in the cortex at two weeks of age when compared. Almost immediately after a human being is born, so too is a new microbial ecosystem, one that resides in that persons gastrointestinal tract. Role of the microbiome in infant development the vaccine. Human milk and infant intestinal mucosal glycans guide. Defined as the sum of all microbial life living in or on the human body, the microbiome is a vibrant community of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that constantly evolves throughout the life cycle as it adapts to environmental, dietary, and life changes. Immediately after birth, there seems to be a decrease in gut alpha diversity 48 49 probably reflecting the selective pressure of the substrate constraints of milk, and by 1 week of age, the gut microbiota is already very similar to that in a monthold baby. These intestinal bacteria protect against many respiratory and diarrheal illnesses, but are subject to environmental stresses such as antibiotic use. This thesis characterises the development of the intestinal microbiota in healthy children.
Mothertoinfant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infants microbiota. Preterm infants within the neonatal intensive care. During vaginal delivery, contact with maternal vaginal and intestinal microbiota is an important source of microbiota for colonization of the infant git. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota plos biology, jun 2007 chana palmer, elisabeth m bik, daniel b digiulio, david a relman, patrick o brown. Palmer c1, bik em, digiulio db, relman da, brown po. Establishment of intestinal microbiota during early life. Microbiota colonization during the neonatal period is a key point for adult health. The role of gut microbiota in programming the immune. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. Development of gut microbiotas between infancy and weaning is associated with immune system development. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of external influences to the gut microbiotic composition in early infancy.
The human gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of. Orchestrating the development of the microbiota are the human milk oligosaccharides hmos, the synthesis of which are partially determined by the maternal genotype. Human milk glycans and microbiota influence the ontogeny of neonatal mucosal mutualism. Pdf although it is well established that early infant feeding has a major. Intestinal microbiota of 6weekold infants across europe. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health. Although highperformance mass spectrometry msbased metaproteomics is a powerful method for the functional characterization of complex microbial communities, the acquisition of. The human microbiome plays a vital role in overall health, with new information flooding in nearly every day. Patients intestinal microbiota should be considered in designing personalized therapies. Human milk oligosaccharides hmo constitute the third most abundant class of molecules in breast milk. In the first year of life, the infant intestinal tract progresses from sterility to extremely dense colonization, ending with a mixture of microbes that is broadly very similar to that found in the adult intestine.
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